Like Christmas trees, Santa and reindeer, the poinsettia has long been a ubiquitous symbol of the holiday season in the U.S. and Europe.
But now, nearly 200 years after the plant with the bright crimson leaves was introduced north of the Rio Grande, attention is once again turning to the poinsettia91裸聊视频檚 origins and the checkered history of its namesake.
Some things to know:
WHERE DID THE NAME POINSETTIA COME FROM?
The name 91裸聊视频減oinsettia91裸聊视频� comes from the amateur botanist and statesman Joel Roberts Poinsett, who happened upon the plant in 1828 on a side trip during his tenure as the first U.S. minister to a newly independent Mexico.
Poinsett, who was interested in science as well as potential cash crops, sent clippings of the plant to his home in South Carolina, and to a botanist in Philadelphia, who affixed the eponymous name to the plant in gratitude.
A life-size bronze statue of Poinsett still stands in his honor today in downtown Greenville.
A CHRISTMAS FLOWER OF MANY NAMES
While Poinsett is known for introducing the plant to the United States and Europe, its cultivation 91裸聊视频� under different Indigenous and Spanish language names 91裸聊视频� dates back to the Aztec empire in Mexico 500 years ago.
Among Nahuatl-speaking communities of Mexico, the plant is known as the cuetlaxochitl (kwet-la-SHO-sheet), meaning 91裸聊视频渇lower that withers.91裸聊视频� It91裸聊视频檚 an apt description of the thin red leaves on wild varieties of the plant that grow to heights above 10 feet (3 meters).
Year-end holiday markets in Latin America brim with the potted plant known in Spanish as the 91裸聊视频渇lor de Nochebuena,91裸聊视频� or 91裸聊视频渇lower of Christmas Eve,91裸聊视频� which is entwined with celebrations of the night before Christmas. The 91裸聊视频淣ochebuena91裸聊视频� name is traced to early Franciscan friars who arrived from Spain in the 16th century. Spaniards once called it 91裸聊视频渟carlet cloth.91裸聊视频�
Additional nicknames abound: 91裸聊视频淪anta Catarina91裸聊视频� in Mexico, 91裸聊视频渆strella federal,91裸聊视频� or 91裸聊视频渇ederal star91裸聊视频� in Argentina and 91裸聊视频減enacho de Incan,91裸聊视频� or 91裸聊视频渉eaddress91裸聊视频� in Peru.
Ascribed in the 19th century, the Latin name, Euphorbia pulcherrima, means 91裸聊视频渢he most beautiful91裸聊视频� of a diverse genus with a milky sap of latex.
Most ordinary people in Mexico never say 91裸聊视频減oinsettia91裸聊视频� and don91裸聊视频檛 talk about Poinsett, according to Laura Trejo, a Mexican biologist who is leading studies on the genetic history of the U.S. poinsettia.
91裸聊视频淚 feel like it91裸聊视频檚 only the historians, the diplomats and, well, the politicians who know the history of Poinsett,91裸聊视频� Trejo said.
DEMAND FOR THE FLOWER SPREADS WORLDWIDE
Not long after Poinsett brought the flower to the U.S., interest spread quickly in the vibrant, star-shaped bloom that 91裸聊视频� in a dose of Christmas cheer 91裸聊视频� flourished with the approach of winter as daylight waned.
Demand spread to Europe. The 20th century brought with it industrial production of poinsettias amid crafty horticulture and Hollywood marketing by father-son nurserymen at the Ecke Ranch in Southern California.
For his part, Poinsett was cast out of Mexico within a year of his discovery, having earned a local reputation for intrusive political maneuvering that extended to a network of secretive masonic lodges and schemes to contain British influence.
THE MEXICAN ROOTS OF US POINSETTIAS
Mexican biologists in recent years have traced the genetic stock of U.S. poinsettia plants to a wild variant in the Pacific coastal state of Guerrero, verifying lore about Poinsett91裸聊视频檚 pivotal encounter there. The scientists also are researching a rich, untapped diversity of other wild variants, in efforts that may help guard against poaching of plants and theft of genetic information.
The flower still grows in the wild along Mexico91裸聊视频檚 Pacific Coast and into parts of Central America as far as Costa Rica.
Trejo, of the National Council of Science and Technology in the central state of Tlaxcala, said some informal outdoor markets still sell the 91裸聊视频渟un cuetlaxochitl91裸聊视频� that resemble wild varieties, alongside modern patented varieties.
In her field research travels, Trejo regularly runs across households that conserve ancient traditions associated with the flower.
91裸聊视频淚t91裸聊视频檚 clear to us that this plant, since the pre-Hispanic era, is a ceremonial plant, an offering, because it91裸聊视频檚 still in our culture, in the interior of the county, to cut the flowers and take them to the altars,91裸聊视频� she said in Spanish. 91裸聊视频淎nd this is primarily associated with the maternal goddesses: with Coatlicue, Tonantzin and now with the Virgin Mary.91裸聊视频�
IS 91裸聊视频楶OINSETTIA91裸聊视频� LOSING ITS LUSTER IN THE UNITED STATES?
The 91裸聊视频減oinsettia91裸聊视频� name may be losing some of its luster in the United States as more people learn of its namesake91裸聊视频檚 complicated history. Unvarnished published accounts reveal Poinsett as a disruptive advocate for business interests abroad, a slaveholder on a rice plantation in the U.S., and a secretary of war who helped oversee the forced removal of Native Americans, including the westward relocation of Cherokee populations to Oklahoma known as the 91裸聊视频淭rail of Tears.91裸聊视频�
In a new biography titled 91裸聊视频淔lowers, Guns and Money,91裸聊视频� historian Lindsay Schakenbach Regele describes the cosmopolitan Poinsett as a political and economic pragmatist who conspired with a Chilean independence leader and colluded with British bankers in Mexico. Though he was a slaveowner, he opposed secession, and he didn91裸聊视频檛 live to see the Civil War.
Schakenbach Regele renders tough judgment on Poinsett91裸聊视频檚 treatment of and regard for Indigenous peoples.
91裸聊视频淏ecause Poinsett belonged to learned societies, contributed to botanists91裸聊视频� collections, and purchased art from Europe, he could more readily justify the expulsion of Natives from their homes,91裸聊视频� she writes.
The cuetaxochitl name for the flower is winning over some new enthusiasts among Mexican youths, including the diaspora in the U.S., according to Elena Jackson Albarr谩n, a professor of Mexican history and global and intercultural studies, also at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio.
91裸聊视频淚91裸聊视频檝e seen a trend towards people openly saying, 91裸聊视频楧on91裸聊视频檛 call this flower either poinsettia or Nochebuena. It91裸聊视频檚 cuetlaxochitl,91裸聊视频�91裸聊视频� said Jackson Albarr谩n. 91裸聊视频淭here91裸聊视频檚 going to be a big cohort of people who are like, 91裸聊视频榃ho cares?91裸聊视频�91裸聊视频�
A LASTING FIGURE IN HISTORY
Amid disputes over what to call the plant, Poinsett91裸聊视频檚 legacy as an explorer and collector still looms large, as 1,800 meticulously tended poinsettias are delivered in November and December from greenhouses in Maryland to a long list of museums in Washington, D.C., affiliated with the Smithsonian Institution.
A 91裸聊视频減ink-champagne91裸聊视频� cultivar adorns the National Portrait Gallery this year.
Poinsett91裸聊视频檚 name may also live on for his connection to other areas of U.S. culture. He advocated for the establishment of a national science museum, and in part due to his efforts, a fortune to underwrite the creation of the Smithsonian Institution.
READ ALSO:
