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In the shadow of residential schools: daughter of B.C. survivor aims to break cycle

91ƵListening is the best way I can help91Ƶ: Carol Baker
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Carol Baker, the eldest daughter of Marlene Baker, a survivor of Tofino91Ƶs Christie Roman Catholic residential school, sat down with Black Press Media on a sunny morning in August 2024. She shared how the residential school affected her family and her efforts to break the cycle of trauma through openness and listening.

91ƵI don't even know where to start91Ƶ were Carol Baker91Ƶs first words as she readied to share her story. 91ƵIt has to get out there so people can understand what the residential school survivors went through.91Ƶ

Kindhearted and soft-spoken, the grandmother sat on a lone chair in the middle of a room at Langford91Ƶs Indigenous Perspective Society, on a sunny weekday morning, and pensively scanned the floor before starting the conversation.

Baker mentioned that after suffering multiple strokes, her mother, Marlene, had spent long periods in hospitals. It was while she was at Victoria91Ƶs Royal Jubilee Hospital, that medical staff informed Carol of her mother91Ƶs dementia.

91ƵThere were times that she was having flashbacks from when she was in residential school,91Ƶ explained Baker. 91ƵShe'd wake up and say, 91ƵCan you look for my math book? The nuns are coming to pick it up and grade my book.'

91ƵThere were things she was saying that weren't making any sense, but we just sat there and listened to her.91Ƶ

The doctors advised her not to argue or correct her mother, as it could lead to confusion and distress, which could potentially worsen her symptoms. Instead, Carol focused on comforting her during panic episodes, carefully avoiding contradictions or confrontations.

Eventually, Baker would move her mother to her house. 

91ƵI had to tell my tribe, 91ƵThere are things that you guys aren't gonna be able to mention when you are talking to grandma and great grandma91Ƶ because it brings flashbacks,91Ƶ91Ƶ said Baker. 91ƵOne thing that we weren't allowed to mention to her was chicken because that's all they had [in residential school].91Ƶ

Marlene91Ƶs long-buried memories from her time at Tofino91Ƶs Christie Roman Catholic school occasionally resurfaced, offering glimpses into her troubled past. It91Ƶs these moments that allowed Baker to slowly piece together the fragmented puzzle of her mother91Ƶs life 91Ƶ one that had remained incomplete until now.

In the shadow of a residential school

Marlene gave birth to Carol at 16. Growing up without her father, Baker explained that her mother left an abusive relationship to safeguard the family.

Raised in Nanaimo, Carol quickly developed a keen sense of resourcefulness, taking on the role of leader in her household as the firstborn. Describing her childhood as one overshadowed by drugs and alcohol.

91ƵShe did a lot of drinking with my youngest brother's father,91Ƶ said Baker. 91ƵWe didn't have much of a relationship with her because we got put into a foster home when I was eight.91Ƶ

Separated from her mother, Carol and her brother Charlie were sent south to Langford. 

Eventually, the two were reunited with their grandmother and later with their mother after a judge granted custody of the children. While young Carol welcomed the news, reuniting with her mother and long-lost sibling proved to be a challenging transition. 

91ƵWe're happy to be back home,91Ƶ Baker said. 91ƵWe were able to all get along and stay under the same roof [but] I don91Ƶt remember how long it took for us to call her mom again.91Ƶ

Although her mother made visible efforts to maintain her sobriety, she would occasionally relapse when memories from the past resurfaced. 

91Ƶ[Sometimes] her friends would talk about the residential school and it would get her mad,91Ƶ Baker said. 91ƵThere were times that we wouldn't see her for a day or two. She would come back and tell us that she was sorry.91Ƶ 

Carol remembered managing the household during school days and becoming a surrogate mother to her siblings.

The mounting pressure on the young woman eventually took its toll, and to escape the constant strain, the young woman ran away from her home.

Over the years, Carol fought her own battle with alcoholism, teetering on the edge of life on the streets.

Breaking the cycle

Despite being raised by her mother and grandmother, both of whom had experienced residential schools, Baker mentioned that she never truly understood the impact these institutions had on her loved ones as she was growing up. Her former partner of 16 years, , a survivor of the Nanaimo Indian Hospital, never shared his experiences throughout their relationship.

Over the years, Baker noticed a pervasive silence surrounding the topic of residential schools 91Ƶ one rooted in shame, pain, and trauma.

91ƵOne time, I saw my mom crying and then I started focusing more on what residential schools were really about.91Ƶ

In the past decade, as the Canadian government acknowledged its historical atrocities and began providing compensation, Baker gradually pieced together the missing parts of her own story and understood the gravity of what survivors endured.

Despite their tumultuous relationship, Baker now accepts her mother without judgment, remaining open and willing to listen.

91ƵAfter she had a flashback I would tell her that we can talk about it91Ƶ you've got to let things out,91Ƶ said Baker. 91ƵYou can't keep holding on to it because it's just gonna make your chest heavy.91Ƶ

Trauma, sustained by silence, can be passed down through generations; but speaking about it can bring healing.

91ƵI want it to be the change,91Ƶ said Baker. 91ƵI keep telling my kids to always use their ears and their eyes, not their mouth, to listen for when somebody is talking about residential school so that they can learn91Ƶ and help this person.91Ƶ

The grandmother hopes to instill this philosophy in her children, grandchildren, and community, aiming to break this long-standing cycle of pain.

Paying it forward

Nearly four years ago, Baker was hired as a support worker at Victoria91Ƶs House of Courage which offers a safe home for Indigenous Peoples experiencing homelessness.

While Baker recognizes her job as taxing at times, it holds significant meaning for her. More than anything, it provides a sense of purpose in a community she cherishes, making helping others one of the central themes of her life.

Kristin Spray, who is involved with Victoria91Ƶs Orange Shirt Day, observed this transformation in Carol shortly after they met 25 years ago. At that time, Spray noted, Baker was facing challenging times just a year after losing her eldest son.

91ƵI believe it was an elder who encouraged her, in her grief, to help others. From the time I've met Carol, that's all she does,91Ƶ Spray said. 

Beyond inviting people for dinner and supporting those in need, Baker takes on the unofficial role of therapist, both at work and in the community, acting as an island of safety, offering a listening ear to those who wish to share their stories.

By embracing the cathartic process of sharing and listening to one another91Ƶs sorrows, and genuinely connecting through shared experiences, Carol observed that it can help heal the wounds of intergenerational trauma and allow people to move beyond old pain.

91ƵI've been pretty much through everything that they've been through, so I [understand]. Listening to them is the best way I can help.91Ƶ

Support for survivors and their families is available. Call the Indian Residential School Survivors Society at 1-800-721-0066, or 1-866-925-4419 for the 24-7 crisis line. The KUU-US Crisis Line Society also offers 24-7 support at 250-723-4050 for adults, 250-723-2040 for youth, or toll free at 1-800-588-8717.



Olivier Laurin

About the Author: Olivier Laurin

I91Ƶm a bilingual multimedia journalist from Montréal who began my journalistic journey on Vancouver Island in 2023.
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